Which opinion reflects a critical view of Freud’s theories?

The first option reflects a critical view of Freud's theories because it highlights their perceived limitations in contemporary psychology. Many critics argue that Freud's ideas, such as the Oedipus complex and the emphasis on psychosexual development, do not hold the same significance or applicability in today's understanding of human behavior and mental processes. This perspective suggests that Freud’s theories are outdated and fail to integrate with modern psychological practices, which increasingly rely on empirical research and evidence-based methods.

In contrast, the other options portray a more favorable view of Freud's contributions. Praising the theories for effectively explaining gender differences or claiming they are universally accepted suggests that Freud's ideas are still relevant and widely endorsed within the field, which does not align with a critical stance. Additionally, stating that they offer substantial empirical support implies that they are backed by sufficient scientific evidence, further deviating from a critical viewpoint which typically challenges the scientific validity of Freud’s concepts.