Which defense mechanism involves making excuses for one's behavior or decisions?

Rationalization is a defense mechanism where an individual justifies their behavior or decisions by providing seemingly logical reasons, even if these reasons do not truly address the underlying issues or emotions. This allows a person to protect their self-esteem and avoid feeling guilt or anxiety about their actions. For example, if someone fails an exam and claims it was due to the unfairness of the test rather than their lack of preparation, they are rationalizing their failure.

This mechanism is particularly useful in situations where reality is difficult to accept, as it provides a way to mitigate feelings of shame or inadequacy. Rationalization can serve as a coping mechanism, helping individuals maintain a positive self-image while avoiding direct confrontation with their failures or responsibilities.